A Critical Note on New Historicism Essay - 2751 Words

Introduction: The records of literary criticism and theory are almost as old as literature itself. As known, literary criticism is a sort of mental exercise of evaluating, classifying, analyzing, interpreting, judging, and valuing the literary art. This indicates that criticism also includes creative skill to comprehend the literary artist’s work first, and then put forward one’s valid view. In this sense, it is really ‘meta-literature’. The world’s successful critics and theorists are only the renowned literary figures. As Ben Jonson says that â€Å" To judge of poet is only the faculty of poets†. This means that only a writer can understand the mysteries and mental regions of his/her fellow writers and can respond them aptly and effectively.†¦show more content†¦Horace, Quintillian and Longinus are the authentic and penetrating critics of this period. Horace’s Ars Poetica and Longinus’s On Sublime like Aristotleâ€℠¢s Poetics have proved as torch bearers, and their merits and utility have been acknowledged by all the major literary figures. Renaissance Criticism: With the advent of Renaissance, the critical curiosity accelerates and the enquiry of the antique Greek and Roman founders of creative and critical business also enlarge the horizons of learning. The term Renaissance is described as the birth of the modern world out of the ashes of the Dark Ages; as the discovery of the world and the discovery of man; and the era of the emergence of untrammeled individualism in life, thought, religion and art. In Renaissance England, critical thought evolves swiftly through four successive stages. The preliminary phase is the critique of style and language of classical rhetoricians; the second is the effort to introduce the ancient practitioners’ meters in the English poetry; the third step is an attempt to defend the imaginative literature in the face of moralist puritans; and in the final stage, the critics try to expound their own rules and norms. Among these critics, the prominent ones are Sir Philip Sidney whose Apo logy for Poetry is indispensable in the history of criticism. Ben Jonson is anotherShow MoreRelatedHamlet and New Historicism795 Words   |  4 PagesNew Historicism is a modern literary theory that focuses on how events, culture, and places within a society influence a written work. New Historicists analyze allusions to characteristics of the time period in which the work was written. By definition, new historicism seeks to discover the significance in a text by taking into account the work within the construction of the established ideas and assumptions of its historical era. Literary texts are entrenched with historical context and the authorRead More Morgan, Morgan by Janette Turner Hospital1657 Words   |  7 PagesMorgan† by Janette Turner Hospital in a poststructuralist way using both New Historicism and Deconstruction. First, we will explore the tenants of New Historicism and apply it to the story, and then we will explore the tenants of Deconstruction and apply it to the story. The ideals of New Historicism were first outlined by Michel Foucault and later developed by Stephen Greenblatt. Foucault did not develop New Historicism; however, his philosophy and ideas formed the basis of the practice. 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These twin girls are actually mulatto, for Ogugua had borne the girlsRead More Feminine Representation in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2628 Words   |  11 PagesFeminine Representation in Shakespeares Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: This essay employs Feminist Criticism, New Historicism, and Marxist Criticism, to analyze the portrayal of Queen Gertrude and Ophelia.    Because Shakespeares Hamlet centers on the internal struggle of the Prince of Denmark, the reader focuses primarily on his words and actions.   An often overlooked or under appreciated aspect of the play is the portrayal of the female characters, particularly Queen Gertrude and OpheliaRead MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 Pagescentury.† In the following paper, I will explore his earliest work, â€Å"The Beast in the Cave,† a story written when he was around fifteen years old. I will explore its meanings and context through the lenses of reader response, deconstructionism, new historicism, and psychoanalytic analysis. Through these lenses of literary theory I hope to derive further meaning and understanding of this favored story as well as dismiss some criticism that has been leveled against H.P. Lovecraft. Each theoretical viewRead MoreContemporary Art And Artistic Practices146 5 Words   |  6 Pagescritics who focus their attention on the aspect of social usefulness of the art practices, characterized by an increase of art projects that emphasize participation, dialogue and community engagement to activate the public sphere attempting to offer new social models to live together; appear like a leitmotif along the theory and history of art of the 20th century. One of the focal points in the development of artistic practices during the 20th century has been directly related to the idea of autonomyRead MoreThe Queer Reading Of Nick Gatsby1537 Words   |  7 PagesAs insane as this sounds, I ve done the research. It s plausible. The idea isn t original; it was first proposed by Carlyle Thompson, a professor of African American and American literature at Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York. There s actually quite a bit of evidence to support it, just as there is to support the queer reading of Nick. Gatsby is described by Nick, his tanned skin and short hair look as though it were trimmed every day (Fitzgerald 50). The short hairRead MoreThe Importance Of The Discipline Of History1842 Words   |  8 Pagesmethodology for a historical understanding of the world, through his conceptualisation of combining contemporary sources and the critical analysis and comparison of these sources, along with the need for objectivity, not only changed the academic discipline of History but also shows why Leopold von Ranke is regarded as one of the greatest historians. Historiography is by no means a new development in the study of history. The various ages throughout history, and the historians who wrote about these ages

Romanesque And Gothic Design Of Stained Glass - 1487 Words

There are few things as beautiful and striking at looking up at a stained glass window with the sun light shining through and illuminating the vibrant and jewel tone colors of the individual pieces of glass that make up the window. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there was an explosion in the number of stained glass windows created for churches through out Europe and Britain. Of both Romanesque and Gothic design, the proliferation of stained glass was a result of a variety of causes. The evolution of of the technical techniques needed to create stained glass windows, architectural advancements and religious needs and desires all contributed to the growth of stained glass during the 1100s and 1200s. Stained glass is glass that is colored or stained by metallic oxides or glass that have been painted on and then fused in a kiln. To produce a stained glass window, the artisan would first draw a life sized sketch or cartoon of the window. The glass itself was made by combining sand an d potash at temperatures around 3000 degrees. While the glass was still molten, it was colored by adding small amounts of metallic oxide powders. Copper oxides produced green or blue-green shades, cobalt would create a deep, rich blue and gold was used to produce a red-wine or violet colored glass. The colored molten glass would then be blown and flattened into sheets. After the glass had cooled, the artisan would place the pieces on the cartoon of the window and crack the glass into roughlyShow MoreRelatedThe Stained Glass And Verticality Of Gothic Churches1346 Words   |  6 Pagesas destruction by many, but it helped to produce growth in Gothic architecture. Many of Christianity’s beliefs are reflected in different aspects of art. The stained glass and verticality of Gothic churches is a key change from Romanesque style churches. The Gothic church found creative ways to illustrate images of important events in history through tapestry. Even the general shape and desig n of the Romanesque churches versus Gothic churches show Christians values. The sculptures outside ofRead MoreSaint Brigid s Centre For The Arts1657 Words   |  7 Pagesvault in the 1st century BC. Romanesque architecture has characteristically elements: Semi-circular arch, Barrel vaulting of the nave, thick buttress walls and Gothic architecture has three elements which came together in Gothic period: Pointed arch, Ribbed vault and Flying buttress. Among Architecture terms, a vault is an arch- shaped structure used to provide an enclosed space with a ceiling or roof of a building and is a unique element to analyze which architectural design was in history. There areRead MoreEssay about The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts 1023 Words   |  5 Pages(1000-1300) thirteen century Gothic Church. The Chartres Cathedral Church is one of the most important in France. After a fire in 1134 destroy the town of Chartres the west front of the cathedral. 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Although the term Romanesque began with architectural innovations, it also refers to the same period encompassing sculpture, painting and other arts. As discussed by Kloss (2005) one of the earliest Romanesque churches, the Abbey of Saint-Etienne (begun1067) dedicated to Saint Stephen in Normandy, France was built by William the Conqueror. This isRead MoreGothic Cathedrals, Compare and Contrast Two846 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Cathedrals The Gothic style has been the root for some of mankind’s most beautiful works of art. It was introduced by the Romanesque style of building. Romanesque style only lasted for nearly one hundred years before the Gothic style replaced it entirely. Abbot Suger was the founder of the Gothic style. One great form of Gothic architecture was the Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral that was built in France between 1145 and 1513. 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Merger Theory

Questions: A.Discuss the Synergies / lack of Synergies arising from the Merger. For data before the Merger, use data from 2010 to 2013. To evaluate the effects of the Merger, use data for 2014 and 2015. B.Test if the Merger Theory [PV (Acquirer) + PV (Target) PV (Combined Firm)] is supported by this Merger. Use the data periods specified in part a. Note: PV (Firm) refers to Market Capitalization. C.Evaluate the failure of the Merger from the perspective of Coopers and Lybrand. Answers: Overview: A.In this competitive era, the companies have been striving hard to remain competitive with their competitors. This is done with the objective of maximizing the value of share and maximizing the value of the organization as well. In respect to the smartphone companies, Google is the largest supplier of the operating system. On the other hand, apple is a standalone company and the smartphones and the operating system are produced by them only. Due to the expansion of the global market in the smartphones, it was realized by Microsoft that it would lose in the figure. In regard to this, a new strategy was initiated by the company to break into the market. The merging together with the products of Nokia on the phone assets was announced by the company on 3rd September, 2013. The merging was done with an amount of US $ 7.9 billion. A synergy is created as a result of merging of the companies which signifies that the resources of both the companies are combined for the development of the new product and the enhancement of the existing product. The entity is able to gain market power due to merging and it also leads to the diversification of risk and quick entrance into the new industry. It also leads to the high price earnings ratio, internationalization of transactions and economies of scale (Marie 2013). Synergy in more than one organizations: When the two businesses or individual come together then it leads to the creation of value which exceeds the vale when the entity works or function independently. This is nothing but synergy. It can also be said that the value of the product produced after merger is more than the value of the product which was produced independently. The merger of Nokia and Microsoft leads to the creation of the synergy and the synergy was in the form of the vertical production which would limit the cost of production and economies of scale which would save millions dollars and also leads to the diversification of investment (Honghua and Juan 2014). Economies of scale: Economies of scale is the first synergy of merging. It was mentioned by the Microsoft that synergy would let them save costs of US $ 600 million. The fixed cost is spread over the large volume of output as per the economies of scale theory. This means that selling the products to the consumers relies on the large volume of output. Before the merger, the Nokia was selling the smartphones at US $ 10 per unit as compared to the selling price of Microsoft which stood at US $ 40 per unit. The cost savings are foreseen by Microsoft due to the adoption of this strategy. Economies of vertical integration: Economies of vertical integration is the second synergy. The organization which is acquiring is able to control the raw material output as a result of the international transactions or the vertical integration. As mentioned by Dhar Dhar 2013, the theory coincide with the forward and backward integration. Rather than inventing the smartphones, it would be suitable for the Microsoft to merge with Nokia because development process of smartphones is a long time process and cost are also high. The Microsoft would also lose the market in terms of sales due to high costs. Nokia which produces tablets, smartphones would be merged with the Microsoft to reduce the amount of time to develop the smartphones (Westfall 2015). Merging would help the Microsoft in tremendously reducing the time taken for the research and development. Integration with Nokia help the Microsoft in directly developing their operating system and breaking the barrier of the market which they are facing. Diversification: Diversification is the third synergy and it is regarded as the dubious reason. This is so because the Microsoft is regarded as the company which is cash rich but when it comes to the stagnant company, the diversification is mainly for the purpose of diversifying their investment. For the individual stockholders, diversification is considered to be easy and cheap as compared to the stockholders. If the shares of the company drives interest of the stockholders, then he or she would purchase the shares form the stock market (Microsoft News Center 2013). The Microsoft would be overtaken by the companies such as Apple ios and Google Android and Microsoft would face tough competition from this. As a result of this, the company is looking forward to the diversification in the market of smartphones and remain competitive in relation to its rivals. Microsoft would be able to catch up with its rival if the resources between the Nokia and Microsoft are fully utilized and the strategy is properly implemented. 2012-2013 Sales revenue: The sales revenue of the Microsoft in the year 2012-2013 witnessed a steady growth rate annually but there is a yearly decline in the sales revenue of Nokia and the contribution of Nokia towards the sales revenue is reflected by the figure. Nokia has been producing the phones since 1984, which was the beginning of the era of the phones. The reason why Nokia did not make into the market of the smartphone was given by the conference paper which was conducted by the Bouwman and his team, who made the analysis that the primary reason attributable to this was that in the technological system, Nokia did not strongly position themselves (Bouwman 2014). The smart phones producing companies such as Apple and Samsung managed to introduce themselves by bringing the first smartphones to the consumers in the world due to the weak position of Nokia. This was done either by using the iOS developed by Apple or android developed by Google. Nokia was losing its market share and there was a drastic fall in its market share as it faced strong competition from these two competitors. This also resulted in the lower sales revenue. Graph 1: (Source: created by author) Aftermath of merging- After the devaluation of the asset of Nokia by the third quarter of 2015, Microsoft reported a net loss of US $ 7.5 billion. Due to the poor sales of the smartphone on top of devaluation, Microsoft intends to cut about 78000 jobs in the company. Microsoft has devaluated its assets by US $ 7.5 billion due to lack of synergy. The amount is US $ 0.4 billion less than the amount spend to buy over Nokia (Singh 2014). The poor performance of sales is the factor which is attributable to the huge loss suffered by Microsoft as it tried to compete with its rival such as Apples iOS and Googles Android. The failure of merging was mainly because of the poor performance of sales which resulted in the lack of synergy. Lack of core competencies, analysis of the industrial environment also suffered shortage and the shortage of resources were the factors responsible for the lack of synergy. Resources shortages: Tangible and intangible assets can be referred to as the resources and it could be in various terms such as equipment, human resources, and technological, reputational resources of company, financial instruments and innovation resources. Tangible assets has got it limitation but it generates income for the company and is fixed. The company is able to attain the core competencies and capabilities due to its intangible assets and it is something which is not visible. The core advantage given by the intangible assets is that the competitors would not be able to duplicate it. It is unique to the organization and the value generated by it is far more than the value generated by the tangible assets. One of the things that is vital and crucial to the capabilities and core competencies of the Microsoft is the innovation resources. This was the thing which Microsoft is lacking. With the expansion of the market on global level, the competitors enter the market seeking to gain competitive advantage. Apple and Google was well aware of the fact that in the 20th century, mobile phone is the leading vessel and in light of this fact, they collaborated with the organizations such as Samsung and Apple which produced smartphones. Microsoft was not able to compete in the smartphone market and fell behind due to the lack of innovation resources. This made the barrier to entry very difficult. Lack of industry environmental analysis: The analysis of industry environment is very fundamental as it helps in the analysis of the industry which the organization is seeking to enter into. The reason of Merging of Microsoft with Nokia was that it wanted to compete with the leading organization such as Apple and Google by breaking into the market of smartphone. The analysis of industry is done by using the Michael Porters Five forces. Since the Apple and Google are the leading developer of the softwares for the smartphones, Microsoft was posed with a great challenge. This was depicted by the competitive rivalry bucket (Teixeira 2015). Apple produces their own bucket and the smartphone producing companies such as Sony, Samsung have contract signed with Google for using their operating system and due to this the buyer bucket is low. Since the consumers are only using the operating system of Google and apple, the substitute is also regarded as low. For example, the blackberry has specialized features on setting emails which provides the flexibility of amending the settings. Unless the product of Microsoft would give special features like Apple and Google does. The students graduating from the University are able to come up with the organization they would like to choose under the Suppliers bucket. It provides them with the option of to work in the field such as Apple, Google and Microsoft as well. The organization would be able to achieve the product of high value if the are able to attract the employees who are highly skilled and utilizes them successfully. The last bucket is the threat of new entrant and this views the companies which are new in producing the smartphones or the development of the operating system. Lack of core competencies: One of the thing that helps the company in getting core competitive advantage are the core competencies which are primary drivers. Since it is developed through the process of deploying the capabilities and resources and is developed over time, which make it different from the other competitors. As the organization evolves and manages the resources, the core competencies also gets changed which becomes unique to the organization itself (Blandford 2012). As the consumers switched over to the other product, the innovation which Microsoft did in the core competencies lose out to the Googles android. The use of iOS and Android over the operating system of Window. As each passing day, the use of smartphone, the position of Microsoft was becoming weaker and on the other hand, smoother and better features of the operating system was developed by Google and Apple (Honghua and Juan 2014). 2014-2015 Sales revenue and net profit: Microsoft experienced growth in the sales revenue at an average of 10% after merger with Nokia. However, Nokia continue to experience a drop in the sales revenue but the drop in the year 2013 was comparatively less than 2012. The trend line become less steep in this year. Graph 2: (Source: created by author) The net profit of Microsoft, however dropped by US $ 9.9 billion and Nokia also witnessed a drop in the net profit in the year 2015 (Alcacer et al. 2014). Graph 3: (Source: created by author) Summary: It can be concluded form the case study that the merger was a fail strategy. The major reasons attributable to the failure of the merger was lack of resources, lack of innovation and lack of analysis of environment of industry. Microsoft came up with the strategy of merger to remain competitive in the market as it was losing out in the smartphone market. The strategy adopted could have been good but Microsoft has missed the boat to enter in the smartphone market. B. 2013: Combine value of Microsoft is equal to PV (Target) + PV (Acquirer)= Nokia (US$30B) + Microsoft (US$310B)= US$340B. The market capitalization as on 31st December, 2013 was US$342. This indicates that the combine value of Microsoft and Nokia is lower than the market capitalization by US $ 2 billion. The net advantage as a result of merger is US $ 2 billion. 2015: Combine value of Microsoft is equal to PV (Target) + PV (Acquirer)= Nokia (US$28B)+ Microsoft (US$440B)= US$468 Billion. The market capitalization as on 31st December, 2015 was US $ 478 billion. This means that the combine amount of Nokia and Microsoft is lower than the market capitalization by US $ 2 billion. The net advantage resulting from merger is US $ 11 billion. Comment: The net advantage form merger are negative for both the year. It can be said that the total combine value is lower than the market capitalization. Therefore, it can be concluded that synergy resulted in the loss rather than benefitting and ultimately leading to the failure of merger. C.The attitude of the management of the target company and the difference in culture is attributable to the reason of the failure of merger. Another reason of the failure of the merger is the lack of the sufficient knowledge of the industry by the organization which is acquiring (Abol 2015). The acquiring companies might not have the core competencies to attract the target audience. Some other reasons are the poor management by the target such as the working attitude of staffs and the structure of the organization. All this in turn contribute to the failure of the organization being merged or willing to merge. References: Abol, S.M., 2015.Cultural perspective of acquisitions between Microsoft and Nokia in Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Alcacer, J., Khanna, T. and Snively, C., 2014. The Rise and Fall of Nokia.Harvard Business School Publishing. Blandford, R., 2012. Understanding Nokia's smartphone strategy decision.Retrieved June,12, p.2014. Bouwman, H., 2014. How Nokia Failed to Nail the Smartphone Market. Belgium, Econstor. Dhar Dhar, 2013. Two Case Studies in Mergers and Acquisitions: Why Some Succeed While Others Fail?. [Online] Microsoft News Center, 2013. Microsoft to Acquire Nokias Devices Services Business, License Nokias Patents and Mapping Services. [Online] Honghua, Q. and Juan, C., 2014. An Analysis on the Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) between Microsoft and Nokia from the Perspective of Patent Information: a Comparative Study.Journal of Intelligence,2, p.012. Marie, A., 2013 Strategic Analysis of Nokia Corporation.An undergraduate student journalVolume 3, p.59. Singh, N.P., 2014. Microsoft Acquired Nokia in Unipolar Operating System Market.Independent Journal of Management Production,5(3), pp.598-622. Teixeira, D.F.P., 2015.Microsoft-Nokia: stategy and valuation(Doctoral dissertation, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gesto). Westfall, C., 2015. After the MA Boom: now comes the hard part: chief financial officers, treasurers, chief accounting officers and other financial executives around the globe will be dealing with the hangover from an merger and acquisition binge that shows little signs of slowing.Financial Executive,31(2), pp.40-46.

Strategic Management Issues in Woolworths Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Issues in Woolworths Company. Answer: Title of the Project Title of the current project is to analyse the Strategic Management Issues in Woolworths Company. Statement of the Problem In the developing period of globalization, it has been watched that online business is considered to fill in as an extraordinary test for vital administration. It has been watched that web is modifying courses in which providers, shoppers alongside correspondence among associations and it is rolling out improvement in ways associations work inside. Because of expanding significance of key administration inside organizations, it has been assembled that key administration is basic to be utilized inside late business alongside actualizing the same for achieving upper hands (Ambrosini, Jenkins Mowbray 2015). Rearrangement of fitting issue administration will likewise be guaranteed in the ebb and flow investigate that may encourage in creating open arrangement improvement that incorporates campaigning and crusading partners with a specific end goal to change observations or states of mind in regards to a business issue. Issus are essential for the organizations for this may be disrupted yet in addition since it may have genuine concerns and may impact on an organization's image value and assets for a broadened span. Research Aim and Objectives The aim of the recent reaserch is to evaluate the strategic management concerns within Woolworths Organizaion. The objectives of the recent research is explained below: To evaluate relevance of strategic management within Woolworths Company To analyse the approaches of strategic management to get implemented within Woolworths Company To analyse certain stateic management concerns within Woolworths Company Analyse the concerns dealt by Woolworths Company in implementing appropriate strategic maanagement Research Methodology: Research Approach As the current research examines research focuses on evaluating key administration issues confronted by Woolworths Company, the analyst has associated the deductive approach to manage coordinate the investigation. Moreover, the positivism hypothesis is particularly related to quantitative data examination, in which the data aggregated has been evaluated with the help of the past examples and existing models and exhibited realities (Armstrong Taylor 2014). Thusly, deductive approach has been considered as the most relevant one for accomplishing the genuine delayed consequences of the investigation contemplate. Research Philosophy The present research intends to examine the impact of working troubles of the item test/quality affirmation with respect to vital administration issues confronted by Woolworths Company. Along these lines, in the present case, the authority has attempted to research the troubles stood up to by the specialists in plotting new programming by keeping up pervasive quality. Research Design The research inquire about investigate has focused on analyzing the working challenges of the key administration issues confronted by Woolworths Company to track the route in which the pined for target can be settled. Along these lines, the flow look into investigate similarly contains an unequivocal depiction of the components influencing the quality assertion in the vital administration issues confronted by Woolworths Company (Balaman 2016). Information Collection Process Data is measured as the essential need to certify the achievement of an investigation consider, where the social occasion of sensible data relies upon the character of study and the target results to be proficient. In such way, it is communicated that data could be orchestrated as basic and discretionary data. The optional data are generally gotten from the assistant sources, which fuse books, journals and destinations to understand the hypothetical conditions and imperative presentation. Sampling and Sample Size Sampling is the technique, in which the concentrated on respondents for the investigation consider are browsed a greater people. Testing enables the expert to pick the most relevant wellspring of fundamental data to blend huge information, which facilitates the examination focuses and objective. It has been reviewed that quantitative examination needs reasonably more noteworthy example size to secure and research the responses of the respondents. Thusly, 31 chiefs of Woolworths Company have been decided for examining their responses. Data Analysis The information has been surveyed with the help of various illustrative techniques. In such way, it is communicated that effective decision of explanatory frameworks is basic to achieve fitting and significant conclusion (Bergh et al., 2014). Data Collection Techniques There are generally three types of data collection techniques namely qualitative, quantitative and mixed research methodology. However, mixed research methodology is used in the current research and is deemed suitable for the reason that it facilitates in explaining and interpreting the research results in a detailed manner (Bergh et al., 2014). This helps in exploring certain phenomenon, provides as a theoretical perspective along with addressing research questions and theoretical perspective of the current research at several levels. References Ambrosini, V., Jenkins, M. Mowbray, N. eds., 2015.Advanced strategic management: A multi-perspective approach. Palgrave Macmillan. Armstrong, M. Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Balaman, ?.Y., 2016. Investment planning and strategic management of sustainable systems for clean power generation: An -constraint based multi objective modelling approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,137, pp.1179-1190. Bergh, D.D., Aguinis, H., Heavey, C., Ketchen, D.J., Boyd, B.K., Su, P., Lau, C.L. Joo, H., 2014. Using meta?analytic structural equation modeling to advance strategic management research: Guidelines and an empirical illustration via the strategic leadership?performance relationship.Strategic Management Journal.

Augustus Of Prima Porta Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Iulii

Augustus Of Prima Porta Since its discovery on 20 April 1963, the sculpture Augustus of Prima Porta (fig. 1) has been the subject of much scholarly discussion. Found in a rural villa near Prima Porta (fig. 2), the statue has resulted in an almost unparalleled generation of literature.1 The marble sculpture is probably a copy of a now-lost bronze statue which was made shortly after 22 BC?the exact location for this original has been a question of speculation; the sanctuary of Athena at Pergamum is one of many suggestions.2 Octavian became Augustus Caesar in 27 BC after an elaborate public show of resignation and humility.3 (Augustus was a religious title meaning "revered" which the Roman people bestowed upon Octavian in honor of his service.) The Res Gestae were his memoirs recording his victories in Gaul (France) and Spain, military victories in the provinces which brought the Pax romana, an era of relative peace and prosperity, to the Roman people. Augustus was lionized by the Roman people?he promoted conservative Republican values even though he failed to re-establish it. He tried to restore faith in the Roman state by equating his role as pontifex maximus with religious and moral values. Augustus used religion to reorganize state and to establish his own rule. He assumed the title of Pontifex maximus (head priest) and revived old religious traditions like the Lupercalia festival to further associate the emperor with the state cult. He also promoted the cult of emperor as divine by building a temple to the Divine Julius. His views on morality extended to laws regarding adultery, unchastity, and bribery. Under Augustus, widowers were required to remarry within 3 years of losing a spouse, and those fathering large families were rewarded with public recognition.4 In Augustus of Prima Porta, Augustus is portrayed as a general and wears a cuirass (breastplate) richly embellished with reliefs. Around his waist is draped the paludamentum or officer's cloak. And, while the statue is beautifully preserved, the fingers of the right hand have been restored, and, though they now suggest a gesture of ad locutio or address, may originally have held a lance, or a wreath of the imperial laurel.5 Augustus of Prima Porta is one of the earliest examples of imperial portraiture used for political propoganda?a practice that began with Augustus.6 In fact, one of the statue's purposes was to identify the state with a well-meaning and enlightened Augustus. But it is more than that. The sculpture of Augustus of Prima Porta is a Greco-Roman example of exquisite craftsmanship of the Roman period. When one observes this sculpture, the power of expression in its god-like appearance is apparent. Practice of deifying rulers and erecting temples began in Rome as early as the reign of Augustus. Augustus of Prima Porta is the type of statue that stood in such a temple. "The sculptor has eloquently adapted the orator's gesture of the Aulus Metellus [fig. 3] and combined it with the pose and body proportions prescribed by the Greek Polykleitos and exemplified in his Spear Bearer, Doryphoros [fig. 4]."7 "Augustus could be seen as general praising troops, or as peacetime leader speaking words of encouragement to the people?in either case, he projects a benign emperor, touched by gods, governing by reason and persuasion, not autocratic power."8 The god, Cupid (fig. 5), son of Venus, rides a dolphin?probably representing Augustus' tie to divinity through Venus' human son Aeneas.9 The dolphin itself refers to a Roman naval victory at Actium; this support strongly suggests that the statue is a copy of a lost bronze original.10 Bare feet suggest to some scholars that the work was posthumous and signifies his apotheosis, or elevation to devine status.11 What has attracted most scholars is the elaborate breast plate (fig. 6), whose throng of figures and symbols lend themselves to a rich spectrum of interpretations of Augustan art and propaganda. Decorations on the cuirass allude to Augustus's victory over the Parthians in 20 BCE; so, the original bronze statue may have commemorated that event. Carved on the cuirass are scenes in low relief recounting the outstanding achievements of Augustus' reign and pictures of the gods and goddesses who bestowed favor upon him. The central group depicts a Parthian giving back the lost eagle from Carrhae to a Roman general. If historically correct, this latter would be Tiberius, but a symbolic reading permits him to be Romulus (with the wolf at his feet), Aeneas, Mars or some other important figure. Apart from some female seated figures, representing conquered peoples such as the Gauls and the Hispanians, the rest form

The 50 Most Common Irish Surnames

The 50 Most Common Irish Surnames Ireland was one of the first countries to adopt hereditary surnames. Many of these names were devised during the reign of Brian Boru, the High King of Ireland who fell defending Ireland from the Vikings at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 AD. 50 Common Irish Surnames Many of these early Irish surnames began as patronyms to identify a son separately from his father or a grandson from his grandfather. This is why it is very common to see prefixes attached to Irish surnames. Mac, sometimes written Mc, is the Gaelic word for son and was attached to the fathers name or trade. O is a word all by itself, signifying grandson when attached to a grandfathers name or trade. The apostrophe that usually follows the O actually comes from a misunderstanding by English-speaking clerks in Elizabethan time, who interpreted it as a form of the word of. Another common Irish prefix, Fitz, derives from the French word fils, also meaning son. Brennan This Irish family was very widespread, settling in Fermanagh, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, and Westmeath. The Brennan surname in Ireland is now mostly found in County Sligo and the province of Leinster. Brown or Browne Common in both England and Ireland, the Irish Brown families are most commonly found in the province of Connacht (specifically Galway and Mayo), as well as Kerry. Boyle The O Boyles were chieftains in Donegal, ruling west Ulster with the O Donnells and the O Doughertys. Boyle descendants can also be found in Kildare and Offaly. Burke The Norman last name Burke originated from the borough of Caen in Normandy (de burg means of the borough). The Burkes have been in Ireland since the 12th century, settling mainly in the province of Connacht. Byrne The O Byrne (Ó Broin) family originally came from Kildare, until the Anglo-Normans arrived and they were driven south to the Wicklow mountains. The Byrne surname is still very common in Wicklow, as well as Dublin and Louth. Callaghan The Callaghans were a powerful family in the province of Munster. Individuals with the Irish surname Callaghan (also spelled Callahan) are most numerous in Clare and Cork. Campbell Campbell families are very prevalent in Donegal (most are descended from Scottish mercenary soldiers), as well as in Cavan. Campbell is a descriptive surname meaning crooked mouth. Carroll The Carroll surname  (and variants such as OCarroll) can be found throughout Ireland, including Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Kerry, Kilkenny, Leitrim, Louth, Monaghan, and Offaly. There is also a MacCarroll family (anglicized to MacCarvill) from the province of Ulster. Clarke One of the oldest surnames in Ireland, the O Clery surname (anglicized to Clarke) is most prevalent in Cavan. Collins The common Irish surname Collins originated in Limerick, though after the Norman invasion they fled to Cork. There are also Collin families from the province of Ulster, most of whom were probably English. Connell Three distinct O Connell clans, located in the provinces of Connacht, Ulster, and Munster, are the originators of many of the Connell families in Clare, Galway, Kerry. Connolly Originally an Irish clan from Galway, the Connolly families settled in Cork, Meath, and Monaghan. Connor In Irish Ó Conchobhair or Ó Conchà ºir, the Connor last name means hero or champion. The O Connor family was one of three royal Irish families; they are from Clare, Derry, Galway, Kerry, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo and the province of Ulster. Daly The Irish Ó Dlaigh comes from dil, meaning a place of assembly. Individuals with the Daly surname hail primarily from Clare, Cork, Galway, and Westmeath. Doherty The name in Irish (Ó Dochartaigh) means obstructive or hurtful. In the 4th century, the Dohertys settled around the Inishowen peninsula in Donegal, where theyve primarily stayed. The Doherty surname is the most common in Derry. Also spelled Dougherty and Daugherty. Doyle The Doyle last name comes from dubh ghall, the dark foreigner, and is thought to be Norse in origin. In the province of Ulster, they were known as Mac Dubghaill (MacDowell and MacDuggall). The greatest concentration of Doyles is in Leinster, Roscommon, Wexford, and Wicklow. Duffy Ó Dubhthaigh, anglicized to Duffy, comes from an Irish name meaning black or swarthy. Their original homeland was Monaghan, where their surname is still the most common. They are also from Donegal and Roscommon. Dunne From the Irish for brown (donn), the original Irish name Ó Duinn has by now lost the O prefix. In the province of Ulster, the final e is omitted. Dunne is the most common surname in Laois, where the family originated. Also occasionally spelled Donne. Farrell The O Farrell chieftains were lords of Annaly near Longford and Westmeath. Farrell is a surname generally meaning valiant warrior. Fitzgerald A Norman family who came to Ireland in 1170, the Fitzgeralds (spelled Mac Gearailt in parts of Ireland) claimed vast holdings in Cork, Kerry, Kildare, and Limerick. The surname Fitzgerald translates directly as son of Gerald. Flynn The Irish surname Ó Floinn is prevalent in the province of Ulster. However, the F is no longer pronounced and the name is now Loinn or Lynn. The Flynn surname can also be found in Clare, Cork, Kerry, and Roscommon. Gallagher The Gallagher clan has been in County Donegal since the 4th century and Gallagher  is the most common surname in this area. Healy The Healy surname is most commonly found in Cork and Sligo. Hughes The Hughes surname, both Welsh and Irish in origin, is most numerous in three provinces Connacht, Leinster, and Ulster. Johnston Johnston is the most common name in the Irish province of Ulster. Kelly Kelly families of Irish origin come primarily from Derry, Galway, Kildare, Leitrim, Leix, Meath, Offaly, Roscommon, and Wicklow. Kennedy The Kennedy surname, both Irish and Scottish in origin, hails from Clare, Kilkenny, Tipperary, and Wexford. Lynch The Lynch families (Ó Loingsigh in Irish) were originally settled in Clare, Donegal, Limerick, Sligo, and Westmeath, where the Lynch surname is most common. MacCarthy The MacCarthy surname originated primarily from Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary. Also spelled McCarthy. Maguire The Maguire surname is the most common in Fermanagh. Also spelled McGuire. Mahony Munster was the territory of the Mahoney clan, with Mahonys (or Mahoneys) being most numerous in Cork. Martin The Martin surname, common in both England and Ireland, can be found primarily in Galway, Tyrone, and Westmeath. Moore The ancient Irish Moores settled in Kildare, while most Moores are from Antrim and Dublin. Murphy The most common of all Irish names, the Murphy surname can be found in all four provinces. Murphys are primarily from Antrim, Armagh, Carlow, Cork, Kerry, Roscommon, Sligo, Tyrone, and Wexford, however. Murray The Murray surname is especially prolific in Donegal. Nolan Nolan families have always been very numerous in Carlow, and can also be found in Fermanagh, Longford, Mayo, and Roscommon. OBrien One of Irelands leading aristocratic families, the O Briens are primarily from Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. ODonnell The O Donnell clans originally settled in Clare and Galway, but today they are most numerous in County Donegal. Sometimes modified to ODonnelly. ONeill One of three royal Irish families, the O Neills are from Antrim, Armagh, Carlow, Clare, Cork, Down, Tipperary, Tyrone, and Waterford. Quinn From Ceann, the Irish word for head, the name Ó Cuinn means intelligent. In general, Catholics spell the name with two ns, while Protestants spell it with one. The Quinns are primarily from Antrim, Clare, Longford, and Tyrone, where their surname is the most common. Reilly Descendants of the O Conor kings of Connacht, the Reillys are primarily from Cavan, Cork, Longford, and Meath. Ryan The Ó Riain and Ryan families of Ireland are primarily from Carlow and Tipperary, where Ryan is the most common surname. They can also be found in Limerick. Shea Originally the Shea family was from Kerry, though they later branched out to Tipperary during the 12th century and Kilkenny by the 15th century. Sometimes modified to Shay. Smith The Smiths, both English and Irish, are primarily from Antrim, Cavan, Donegal, Leitrim, and Sligo. Smith is actually the most common surname in Antrim. Sullivan Originally settled in County Tipperary, the Sullivan family spread into Kerry and Cork, where they are now most numerous and their surname is the most common. Sweeney Sweeney families are found primarily in Cork, Donegal, and Kerry. Thompson This English name is the second most common non-Irish name found in Ireland, especially in Ulster. The Thomson surname, without the p, is Scottish. Thomson is most common in Down. Walsh The name came into use to describe the Welsh people who came to Ireland during the Anglo-Norman invasions. Walsh families were very numerous throughout all four provinces of Ireland. Walsh is the most common surname in Mayo. White Spelled de Faoite or Mac Faoitigh in Ireland, this common name stems mainly from the le Whytes who came to Ireland with the Anglo-Normans. White families can be found in Ireland throughout Down, Limerick, Sligo, and Wexford.

The Relationship between Painting, Photography, and Motion Picture Essay

The Relationship between Painting, Photography, and Motion Picture - Essay Example They concurrently advance heroic mythology. The moral virtue in grand styles is also not left out. However, an inflexible objectivity never ceases to be an overly important feature of these Narratives. 1870, that’s when the first painting was discovered, this was in a town called Altimira, in Spain (Whitley 29). The cave paintings were discovered by Don Marceline and his daughter. These painting were done by the Magdalenian people before Christ. These painting were majorly boison. In that, the painting are drawn and painted using the boulders of animal’s shoulders. This literally gave them a three dimension look. In France that’s where the Lascaux cave art were discovered, this was by four boys searching for a lost dog. The Lascaux contains seven sections. The hall of the bulls is the most fascinating of all. This is because it contains horses, bull, and stags drawing. They have been painted over bring the notion that other groups of people might have resided in the same caves. The theory behind cave painting is that, individual not in a position to communicate with each other, opted to express their views using the drawings. Thus they could communicate using the drawings easily. Most of the paintings were of animals nonetheless they exist some exemption like the Lascaux painting (Poh 1). It contained dead man paint. The paint has a human body but has a birds face. There exists some explanation as to why human paintings were few. They believed that if they painted the human he would poses their soul. Contrary to that they assumed the animal cave painting would assist them in their hunting expedition. They also viewed it as magic to assist the hunters and a decoration to their caves. Ancient people used natural objects. This includes tools such as spears, and rocks. They used those items to paint their walls. The color they used was obtained from: berries, clay, soot, or charcoal. Surprisingly they might have used hollow bones, or reeds to spray the color. T his just shows how inventive they were or may be the driven by the passion to communicate (Whitley 29). Al Fresco Painting Fresco painting is an art portrayed worldwide. These paintings are normally done on walls of buildings. However, ancient time this took place on caves and rocks. Work or painting done on walls is called Mural. Al fresco paintings can be categorized in two ways. The Buon fresco art painting are on wet plaster. The secco paintings are completed ion dried plaster. In Indian continent that’s where most of this type of painting originated. These painting are from the Buddhist period. They are located in Ajanta caves present day Madhya in India. They expressed Buddha’s tale. Buddhist tales are of moral perspective and good conduct. Fresco is painted mostly in temples, palaces and private residences. The technique used in these painting can last for ages. The painting is painted on wet surface (Alfred 1). This also enhances its survival. The paint is made from natural occurring resources. These are stones, plants and earth. They are crushed after drying them and then powdered. This makes the pigment. It is mandatory to first make the drawing on paper. It is then traced on butter paper. On the outline of the drawing holes are made using pin holes. Finally the drawing is transferred to the wall by dusting fine coal powder through the pinholes. This application is called Suzen Kari. A two point perspective is drawing objects in three dimensions. This advancement has made paintings to come close to reality. This kind of art came about when renaissance were obsessed with the notion of creating an illusion of three dimensions on a flat surface. Brunelleschi is attributed with the introduction of one point perspective

Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells using Flow Cytometry Essay

Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells using Flow Cytometry - Essay Example The research field was on Flow Cytometry. It aimed to  establish  a reliable method for counting Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) using flow Cytometry. Flow Cytometry is a  method  of enumerating and examining minute particles suspended in a  fluid  when passed through an electronic detector. The system has a disposable chip. This chip checks for cross contamination  collect  analyzed sample and to freely measurement. CTC is  salient  biomarkers for so many cancers. There are many systems for enumeration based on either EpCAM/CD326 which  express  tumor cell before microscope or  RT-PCR. Protocols for this system can be applied onto other systems. Cultured cancer cells spiked into normal blood got enriched with  MACR  EpCAM  microbeads then  labeled  with APC instead of intracellular staining of cytokeratins.  EpCAM  allows enumeration of  intact  CTC, cellular integrity  maintenance  and concomitant  performance. Combination of  fineà ‚  tuned CTC and cytometric multicolor resulted into linear relationship between input and output  cell  count from zero to hundred of cells. Anti CD45  mAb  was used  to  give  satisfactory  signal/ noise ratio by  gate  exclusion of white blood cells  signal. There is little  influence  on lungs cancer cell PC-9 viability. CTC is of greater importance because it provides stratification of Anti-tumor treatment and furthering characterization. Several researchers have shown that circulating Tumor cells (CTC) in peripheral blood are significant prognostic marker for cancer (1-5). Presence of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients  has been involved  in the Tumor  development  and metastasis  advancement. Response of  therapy  and evaluation of  disease  get  predicted  by change in circulating tumor cells. Several methods  have been used  in the  CTC-enrichment  and  discovery, but the  standard  metho d is the FDA-approved cell search system (Veridex) (Takao, M., Takeda, K., 2011). This employs a 7.5ml of blood and involves epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM  /CD360) (8)-conjugated  immuno-magnetic  enrichment preceded by cell imaging  process  using  positive  immuno-staining  of  cytokenins. Later negative immunostaining of leucocyte common antigen (CD45) and DNA staining with  DAPI. The overall advantage of this method is the  rapid  read out of routine measurements.  This is due to the fact that  sizeable  information gets included  in the  data  and its capability of multicolor analysis.  This  method  also offers  precise  detection limit of  pure  cells of approximately (10^-5). Related research Benjamin and Steven conducted research on flow Cytometry. They inferred that there has been progress in  immuno-magnetic  and  flow  cytometry. Benjamin and Steven concluded that  flow  cytometry and immunomagneti c can detect and characterize circulating tumor cells. They  infer  that flow cytometry has demonstrated prognostic  importance  in prostate and breast cancer. In Benjamin’s and Steven article about â€Å" circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer †¦Ã¢â‚¬  there are reviews regarding the  historical  and  development  information about  identification  and enumeration of circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer. The presence of circulating tumor cells in patients having metastatic carcinomas get  linked  with poor survival predictions (Tych,  Frederik,  Sjoerd,  Joost, Jan  &Leon, 2011). According to their article based on research, image cytometer,  cell  tracks got  developed  to  advance  the enumeration of rare circulating tumor cells. Cell search  system  got used to  enumerate  circulating tumor cells in seven point five milliliters (7.5 Ml) of  bold  of nine healthy controls and sixty eight patients. The results  were obtained  from cell search  system  were analyzed again using image cytometer. Then automated categorization of events  was executed  by random forest  process  using

History class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History class - Essay Example In the coast of Long Island, the U.S. Coast Guard saw the wrecked vessel and assaulted it and the mutineers, counting Cinque and some who had paddled ashore in search of water. If Steven Spielberg and his colleagues from DreamWorks restricted their claims regarding the film Amistad to historical precision in the wide-ranging manner only, they could have encouraged a more openhanded reaction from knowledgeable historians. The movie was unsatisfactory in high cinematic art, yet the producers, as innovative creators, have the privilege to assume history and remold it into their desired story bound drama. However, Spielberg and the staff of Dream Works, prior to the December premiere of Amistad, declared their movie to be form of advanced history. They circulated learning brochures for classroom activities in which the film would function, as a motivator of higher critical thinking regarding the importance of history in the perspective of the long-disappeared chapter revived to American past in the movie. For instance, students became aware that the producers exerted immense care to make every feature of this historical tragedy genuine and that both historical tragedy and historical research aspire to depict the reality regarding the past. Most probably, the most interesting scene in the film portrays the slave trade. At the opening of the movie, Cinque, covered with grime and sweating profusely, murky hold of the Amistad uses fingered caked with blood to disentangle himself from his chains. He and his freethinking companions wreaked a box full of sugarcane knives, and then stormed their path to victory. In a violent fight with the captain, Cinque bursts into a primitive fury that permits him to overpower the captain by stabbing him in the chest with his own sword. The camera focused for a long time on a victorious

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay

Tmj Closed Lock Syndrome Management Health And Social Care Essay Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a collective term has been defined as a group of conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscle of mastication and associated structures. These disorders are common, affecting at least 30% of the population.1 TMD can severely affect individuals daily activities and produce varying symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe function disability. Patients with TMD often presents with reduced mandibular function secondary to increased pain levels, reduced ability in chewing, limited mouth opening and during excursive movement of the joint. There are many causes of limited mandibular movement, closed lock is the most common presentation in the clinic. Closed lock is a well recognised condition. An estimated 2% of people with TMD suffer from a closed lock. 2 It has been suggested that condylar translation is limited by the failure of the disc to reduce, with the posterior band being trapped anterior to the condylar head. It was also proposed this condition was a result of reversible restriction in gliding movements of the disc caused by its adherence to the fossa. 3 These group of patients often complaints of jaw-opening difficulties such as pain, restriction and TMJ tightness. Macrotrauma to the structures of the joint through impact or extension injuries, and microtrauma either in the form of clenching or occlusal abnormalities may contributes in the aetiology of internal derangement with closed lock. A various treatment options have been considered to improve the symptoms of closed lock. Non-surgical approaches may consist of anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, splint therapy, physiotherapy, exercise, moist heat, stress management and soft diet or combination of thereof. In patients whom the symptoms proved refractory to non-invasive therapy, surgical management on the TMJ is generally considered. The aim of this dissertation is to discuss and analyse the published data to support the current management of TMJ closed lock syndrome. Literature Review There are many treatment modalities in management of TMJ closed lock. The two main approaches used are non-surgical and surgical treatment. Treatment efforts are directed toward: Reduction of pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Improvement in mouth opening and lateral movement Improvement in joint function. For most TMD, clinicians generally agree that non-surgical and non invasive care should precede surgery. However, for TMJ closed lock, surgery has been described as preferable. 4 Non Surgical Treatment A range of conservative treatments including physiotherapy, occlusal bite splints, NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, stress management and soft diet are available. Minakuchi et al5 conducted a randomized controlled evaluation of non-surgical treatments for closed lock. 232 patients were randomly allocated to one of three group control, self-care plus NSAIDs, or occlusal appliance jaw mobilization plus self-care/NSAIDs. The subjects were observed over 2 months period. All three experimental groups had significant improvement in their signs and symptoms with time. The self-care/ NSAIDs group showed more improvements in the daily activities limitation compared with the other two groups. However, this difference was present only for two review appointment, and during the last review at 8 weeks, there were no significant group difference. These data suggests the gradual improvement in signs and symptoms was non-specific and was not related to the type of treatment, but more to the passage of time. Lundh et al 6 carried out a randomized controlled study on 51 patients. These patients are treated with a flat occlusal splint or to serve as an untreated control group. It is noted that at the end of 12 months period, 16% of patients in control group and 40% of patients treated with splints, the symptoms were worse than at the beginning at the study. In addition, 36% of patients in the control group improved after 1 year without treatment. This study indicates that aggressive treatment modalities should not be used in the initial phase of closed lock. Instead, counselling and adequate pain medication seems to be a reasonable treatment approach. Surgical Treatment Surgery on the temporomandibular joint is generally only considered when non-invasive therapy proved unsuccessful. Closed lock is usually associated with permanent disc displacement, and this condition is frequently resistant to conservative treatment. The primary role of surgery is physical debridement, repair and removal of diseased tissue that cause pain and dysfunction within the TMJ. The primary aim of surgery is to reduce the symptoms of pain and to improve joint function of individuals. The historical perspective on temporomandibular surgery dates back to 1887 when Annadale7 reported two successful operations to reposition and secure the disc in two patients. Condylectomy In 1957 Henry and Baldrige8 described the condylectomy operation. They emphasized the preservation of the disc, and limited bone reduction to increase joint space, and relieve irritation to nerve-bearing tissues. Condylectomy was formerly extensive used, but has many disadvantages 9. It often leads to ramus shortening with resultant of malocclusion and mandibular deviation to the side of the surgery. Ward 10 in a review of 21 patients, who he followed for periods of up to three years, reported a high success rate. Banks and MacKenzie 11 in a much larger series of 211 patients reported 91% of them to be cured or improved by surgery. However, in a follow-up of patients by Lindahl 12, a high prevalence of persistent pain and dysfunction was still evident. Arthroscopy Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy is a new method for the management of acute, subacute, and sometimes chronic limitation of movement of the TMJ. The miniaturised arthroscopy to the TMJ first appeared by Ohnishi 13 in the Japanese literature in 1975. It is used as diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. It has been postulated that it improves limited joint movement by lysis and lavage of fibrotic adhesions, and reductions of surface adherence on articulating joint spaces. Sanders et al 14 conducted 40 arthroscopic procedures on 25 patients during the mid 1980s in management of closed lock. All patients showed improvement and eventually asymptomatic after the procedures. They have good range of opening and have little preauricular pain after. Moses et al 15 did a retrospective studies on 237 patient with 419 TMJ joints. 63% of patients reported to have an increase in opening and in these 73% having an interincisal opening of 40mm or greater after 1 year post treatment. 97% of these patients thought their surgery was successful and 82% stated that would undergo the procedure again. The results of this study appear that the arthroscopic procedure has a definite value in the treatment of TMJ internal derangement. White et al 16 undertook a similar study on 66 patients with 100 TMJ joints. The overall postoperative increase in maximal incisor opening was 38.4%. 85.7% of the patients rated their postoperative pain and function greatly and moderately improved and 100% of the patients stated they would have the arthroscopic surgery again. However, a failure rate of 7.5% was noted by the objective criteria. Clark et al 17 also reported decreased in mean pain score value by 57%, also an improvement of 67% jaw function in 18 patients after 2 years postarthroscopic surgical treatment. Davis at al 3 evaluated 51 patients, with 80 joints with closed lock that were treated with arthroscopic surgery. Results showed that an immediate improvement after the treatment and followed by a more gradual improvement during the next 6 months, with a plateau in improvement thereafter. Kurita et al 18 also evaluated the correlation between preoperative mouth opening and surgical outcome after arthroscopic surgery. 12 of the 14 patients (86%) showed good reduction in pain and improved range of jaw movement. However, 2 patients showed no improvement after the treatment and require open surgical procedures. The 2 failed cases had 10 and 19mm opening respectively before the treatment. The author concluded that limitation of mouth opening less than 22mm may be a relative contraindication to arthroscopic treatment. The main disadvantage of this study is that the number of patients in this study is very small. Abd-Ul-Salam et al 19 conducted a retrospective study to investigate the incidence of reoperation after TMJ arthroscopic surgery in 315 consecutive patients (488 patients). He documented a 22% incidence of further surgery arthroscopy or open surgery after TMJ arthroscopic surgery. Arthrocentesis TMJ arthrocentesis was first described by Nitzan et al 20 in 1991 for the treatment of temporomandibular joint pain and movement restriction. Nitzan et al 20 described this technique as irrigation on the upper joint compartment with Ringers solution. The injected fluid enables the disc to slide and thereby re-establishes normal maximal opening in closed lock. The treatment was shown to be effective, providing significant improvement in maximal mouth opening and lateral movement, and decreased in pain level and disturbance in jaw function involved 17 joints in 17 patients. The overall success rate is 91%. Nitzan et al 21 conducted another study in 1997 on 39 patients with 40 joints with severe closed lock. The overall improvement, as expressed in pain and dysfunction levels, was about 95%, with no recurrence of severe closed lock. A prospective study done by Dimitroulis 22 using the same technique on 46 patients with acute limitation of mouth opening, showed significant improved in pain, jaw opening and function. Hosaka et al 23 evaluated the outcome of arthrocentesis for TMJ with closed lock at a 3 years follow-up in 20 patients. The success rate was 70% at 6 months follow-up and increase to 78.9% over the 3 years of follow-up. The literature showed stable good outcome at 3 years follow-up as compared to 6 months. Alpaslan et al 24 conducted a 5 year retrospective to evaluate the long-term outcome of TMJ arthrocentesis on 34 patients with 48 joints. There was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the maximal mouth opening. Pain and dysfunction levels were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than pre-operative values. 26% of patients were pain free and 88% of patients had less pain than before. Eminectomy An alternative surgical approach to the treatment of closed lock of the temporomandibular joint is eminectomy. The surgery involves reduction of the articular eminence of the TMJ, provides greater freedom of movement between the condyle disc and the reduced articular eminence. Stassen et al 25 conducted a pilot study of the use of eminectomy in the treatment of closed lock in 18 patients. Results show significant increase in mouth opening and a decrease in pain. Both the improvement in inter incisal distance and reduction of symptoms were found to be statistically significant (P

Death Penalty :: essays research papers

One of the most controversial debates that rages constantly in this country is the argument over whether capital punishment should be outlawed. There are two basics arguments within the debate over capital punishment: First is the question of whether capital punishment is moral, or more simply put, whether it is right. And second is the question of whether capital punishment is constitutional. Although the death penalty has come far into the forefront recently, the constitutionality of the death penalty is not a new question. The death penalty has never been outlawed nationally per se, but for a period in the mid 1970's the Supreme Court changed the rules about capital punishment so that it was nearly impossible for a state to put a prisoner to death under any circumstances. The problems that death penalty opponents have with capital punishment can be found in the Bill of Rights, or more specifically, the fifth and eight amendments. The fifth amendment gives every citizen of the United States the right to "due process of law", meaning full access to courts and proper representation, etc. Many believe that a great number of inmates on death row have not been given due process, and that no one should be put to death if they have not been given their right to it. The eighth amendment bars the government from doling out any "cruel or unusual punishment" to its prisoners. Although it is certainly debatable whether execution is cruel and/or unusual, many believe that it is, and therefore is a violation of the eighth amendment. There are many facets to this argument, and even an updated Supreme Court ruling is unlikely to quell the debate. There is also another very contentious point in the debate over capital punishment. Obviously, the penalty of death is the most final punishment possible. Many death penalty opponents say that the capital punishment should never be used in a case where the jury or judge is not 100% sure of guilt. They say that, because it is impossible to ever be 100% sure about anything, the death penalty should not be used when someone might be innocent.

Imaging In Diagnosis Pancreatic Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

Pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease and its patterned advance, Drake et Al ( 2005 ) suggest pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases are aggressive and occur most frequently in the caput, cervix and uncinate procedure of the pancreas. Malignant tumor of the pancreas affect more work forces than adult females and are associated with intoxicant maltreatment, diabetes, familial pancreatitis and smoke. Neoptolemos ( 2009 ) goes onto explain that age is an overpowering factor sing pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease which accounts for approximately 5 % of all malignant neoplastic disease instances. Harmonizing to Hanno et Al ( 2008 ) pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is thought to impact 10 people in 100,000 every twelvemonth. Marieb and Hohhn ( 2010 ) suggest that malignant neoplastic disease of the pancreas is serious as it seldom causes symptoms until it is really advanced and hence is difficult to observe and handle. As pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is frequently advanced by the clip it is diagnosed, often metastases are present. Due to this the forecast of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is frequently really hapless and is associated with a high mortality rate ( Jackson & A ; Thomas, 2005 ) . Imaging Pancreatic Cancer Johnson ( 2005 ) suggests that one time a patient has presented with a suspected pancreatic carcinoma, they should instantly have an Ultrasound Scan ( US ) of the liver, bile canal and pancreas. Harmonizing to Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) ultrasound scans use high-frequency sound moving ridges, that when returned from variety meats create a signal. After transporting out an ultrasound scan, if the findings suggest a malignance may be present farther imagination would be recommended. A Assortment of surveies are available, including: Endoscopic Ultrasound ( EUS ) Computed Tomography ( CT ) Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) Endoscopic Ultrasound ( EUS ) Europiums can be used in the diagnosing, presenting and resectability of pancreatic carcinomas ( DeWitt et al, 2004 ) . EUS is considered to hold a higher sensitiveness when observing tumors located in the caput of the pancreas compared to observing tumors located in the organic structure or tail of the pancreas ( Shami & A ; Kaheleh, 2010 ) . Legmann et Al ( 1998 ) suggest that EUS has high sensitiveness when observing little pancreatic tumors. Many writers support this and DeWitt et Al ( 2004 ) travel on to explicate that EUS is superior to other modes as it can pick up tumors even smaller than 25mm. By observing little tumors early on, EUS can find whether farther trials are needed and hence set uping the patient ‘s direction. EUS contributes to the direction of the patient by assisting to be after and steer drainage processs ( Dietrich, 2006 ) . EUS is considered to hold a high sensitiveness when turn uping lymph node metastasis and vascular infiltration ( Shami & A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . Each relevant construction that can be affected by pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease can be assessed utilizing EUS. Gress and Savides ( 2009 ) further explain that EUS can be used to separate the relationship between the mass and next vascular constructions to measure the resectability. Harmonizing to Faigel et Al ( 1997 ) EUS guided all right needle aspiration is used for both local theatrical production and accurate tissue diagnosing in one process. Williams et Al ( 1998 ) support this and explicate that the process is a superior mode for the sensing of metastases and provides an accurate diagnosing of pancreatic malignances. An ultrasound transducer is attached to the caput of an endoscope and passed through the patient ‘s oral cavity to obtain images of the internal variety meats. EUS provides the chance to look at the GI wall beds and the surrounding variety meats ( Shami & A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . Rosch et Al ( 1991 ) explain that because of the close propinquity of the transducer to the internal organ of involvement, accurate and elaborate images are produced. Harmonizing to Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases often appear hypoechoic and arise from the bright, hyperechoic parenchyma of the pancreas. The lodgers of a malignance are frequently irregular ; nevertheless, there is normally a differentiation between a normal and malignant pancreas ( Figure 1.0 & A ; 1.1 ) . Despite showing a malignance, Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) further explains that its visual aspect can on occasion mime an inflammatory procedure of the pancreas. Figure 1.0 Figure 1.1 Figure 1.0 EUS showing a mass in the organic structure of the pancreas with engagement of the superior mesenteric vena. ( Taken from: Kwon & A ; Scheiman, 2006 ) . Figure 1.1. EUS showing a mass of the caput of the pancreas blockading the common gall canal. ( Taken from: Erickson, 2010 ) . Guidelines mentioning to pancreatic lesions issued in 2005 suggest that any lesion found in the pancreas, irrespective of its size requires further diagnostic rating. The guidelines go on to state that EUS findings entirely are non sufficient when naming lesions within the pancreas as it is unable to find whether they are malignant ( Barclay, 2005 ) . Guidelines set out by the British Medical Ultrasound Society ( 2009 ) say that Ultrasound equipment sound should merely by used by people who are to the full trained and have an apprehension of the thermal and mechanical bio-effects of ultrasound. Prior to EUS scrutinies, patients will be required to be nil by oral cavity for 6 hours. Patients will be given instructions sing the process and asked relevant inquiries associating to their wellness and allergic reactions. EUS processs are carried out under witting sedation, a cannula will be inserted into the patient ‘s arm so this and any other medicine can be inserted intravenously ( Soper et Al, 2008 ) . During the process, patients will be required to lie on their side. Harmonizing to Soper et Al ( 2008 ) scrutinies of the pancreas require high frequence echography ( 7.5- 12 MHz ) and get down by turn uping the aorta at the degree of the gorge to measure the pancreatic canal. Soper et Al ( 2008 ) further explain that the organic structure and the tail of the pancreas can so be visualised. Harmonizing to Soper et Al ( 2008 ) one time patients have recovered, they are discharged and able to restart their usual diet. Current research suggests that developments in EUS will travel beyond all right needle aspiration. Enerson ( 2005 ) believes that less invasive endoscopy equipment, which is capable of imaging variety meats next to the GI piece of land, will be developed and offer a new way sing the intercession procedure. Europiums can raise some issues with respects to the patients. First, the process requires patient engagement ; nevertheless it can be really uncomfortable and do the patient to experience ill doing the scan to be abandoned ( Shami & A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . It is besides necessary to calm the patients when set abouting a EUS process, doing patients to go really dying. Talley ( 2007 ) besides suggests that patient medicines are an issue as they may non be able to take it at the regular clip due to the readying for the test ; these include diabetes and anti-coagulant medicines. Computed Imaging Kwon and Scheiman ( 2006 ) suggest that Computed Tomography ( CT ) is the mode of pick when diagnosis and presenting pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease. CT provides outstanding word picture of the abdominal variety meats and is widely used to place abdominal multitudes. Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) correlative this by composing how CT provides first-class anatomical item when imaging primary tumors and environing local invasions. In relation to the direction of patients, it is necessary to find the resectability which can be established by the presence of vascular engagement ( Kwon & A ; Scheiman, 2006 ) . CT is considered the preferred mode for presenting due to the usage of contrast sweetening. Kwon and Scheiman ( 2006 ) explicate how a big endovenous dye bolus which enhances venous and arterial constructions is injected into the patient to accurately foretell surgical resectability. CT presenting can find how advanced the malignant neoplastic disease is and hence alter or dete rmined patient direction. The information acquired from a CT scan is interpreted and displayed on a computing machine as an image. Harmonizing to Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) every pel is assigned a CT figure that is compared to that of H2O and displayed on a graduated table of units know as Hounsfield units. Each figure represents a shadiness of Grey which demonstrates the composing, nature and denseness of tissues. The graduated table below ( Figure. 2.0 ) shows the Hounsfield units assigned to each tissue type. Figure 2.0 The Hounsfield graduated table of CT Numberss. Taken from: Jackson & A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the Hirshberg Foundation ( 2010 ) utilizing a scope of Greies and associating them to the Hounsfield graduated table, creates a elaborate image of the pancreas. Von Hoff et Al ( 2005 ) further explains that on a CT scan compared to the normal pancreas, pancreatic carcinomas typically appear hypodense ab initio and so isodense in the ulterior phases. Secondary marks of a pancreatic carcinoma are clear on a CT scan, such as dilation of the pancreatic canal and the common gall canal, wasting of the pancreas and narrowing of next vascular constructions. Figure 2.1 A CT scan showing a ill enhanced mass in the caput of the pancreas. Taken from: Jackson & A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) . Due to the usage of ionizing radiation, guidelines province that CT scans are merely to be carried out if requested by an appropriate accredited wellness supplier and supply sufficient medical information to warrant the scan ( Berland, 2006 ) . Guidelines suggest that when transporting out a CT scan steps should be put in topographic point to cut down the patient dosage and when possible, an alternate scan should be carried out ( Radiation protection, 2000 ) . The guidelines go on to province that CT scans of the venters should non be carried out on pregnant patients unless sound clinical grounds are given. Pancreas protocols for CT scans say patients should imbibe a liter of H2O 20 proceedingss prior to a scan. Pretorius et Al ( 2006 ) says patients should be changed into a gown and take all jewelry. Patients will so be asked to reply relevant inquiries associated with their wellness. Bruening et Al ( 2006 ) add that patients are positioned supine on the bed with their weaponries raised above their caput. Patients have a cannula inserted in their arm in order to shoot contrast intravenously. Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) suggests that scans should get down at the xiphoid and coating at the iliac crests. Scans are carried out pre-contrast and so at a 40 and 70 2nd hold one time the contrast has been added. Bruening et Al ( 2006 ) further explain that 120 Kv and between 165 and 240 ma should be used to transport out the scans. Developments in CT scanning allow for it to be combined with Positron Emissions Tomography ( PET ) to supply extra information. Although they are non used routinely for pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases they can assist to polish a intervention program ( O'Reilly, 2010 ) . PET scanning combined with CT scanning can be used in the diagnosing and theatrical production of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease by showing sites of malignant neoplastic disease or redness in the organic structure ( figure 2.2 ) ( O'Reilly, 2010 ) . Figure 2.2. A combines PET/CT image showing an increased consumption in the pancreas CT can do issues sing the patient as it provides the patient with high doses of ionizing radiation and involves the disposal of endovenous contrast stuff. Lisle ( 2007 ) further explains that the iodized contrast media used in CT scanning can do jobs from the patient if their nephritic map is deficient or if they have an allergic reaction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) Magnetic Resonance Imaging involves the debut of a radiofrequency pulsation to excite the H protons. Harmonizing to Jackson & A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) once the radiofrequency pulsation is turned off, the protons relax and return a signal to the sensor spiral which when paired with a computed creates an image. Harmonizing to Miura ( 2006 ) MRI offers first-class soft tissue contrast and besides the ability to analyze the pancreatobiliary system non-invasively. Miller et Al ( 2006 ) correlative this and suggest that MRI scans are utile in the rating of elusive, non-contour deforming pancreatic multitudes. Miura ( 2006 ) suggests that Gd enhanced scans are superior to CT when observing little tumors in the pancreas. Greenberger et Al ( 2009 ) further suggests that ; MRI has high sensitiveness when picturing the degree and features of a mass. MRI scanning is utile when measuring local tumor extension and vascular engagement and Miura ( 2009 ) suggests MRI has equal or better truth when presenting pancreatic carcinomas. Harmonizing to Neoptolemos ( 2009 ) MRI scanning can lend towards the direction of the patient by supplying information about the best attack for drainage and stenting. MRI is used in the appraisal of intervention response and the sensing of complications and return. This farther contributes to patient direction by finding the extent of the intervention needed ( Von Hoff et Al, 2005 ) . MRI scans can farther assist to find the appropriate intervention as it is better able to place surgical campaigners by qualifying little liver metastases every bit good as peritoneal and omental metastases ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . A normal Pancreas shows every bit high signal strength on a T1 fat suppressed scan due to the presence of acinous proteins ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Typically on pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 weighted images, pancreatic carcinomas show lower signal ( hypointense ) compared to normal pancreatic parenchyma ( Figure 3.0 ) . Characteristics of a pancreatic carcinoma on a MRI scan consists of the expansion of the pancreatic caput with distension of the pancreatic and common gall canal and wasting of the organic structure and tail of the pancreas ( Semelka, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Van Hoff et Al ( 2005 ) tumors are best visualised straight after the disposal of Gd as they stand out against the normal pancreas as hypointense ( Figure 3.1 ) . Fatty abnormalcies within the pancreas can frequently look as a malignant neoplastic disease on CT and EUS scans, MRI nevertheless can distinguish the features and separate a fatty abnormalcy from a malignant neoplastic disease ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Figure 3.0 A Magnetic resonance image showing a carcinoma affecting the pancreatic caput and falsifying the superior mesenteric vena. ( Taken from: Van Hoff et Al, 2005 ) . Figure 3.1 A Gd enhanced, T1 weighted fat suppressed scan shows several pealing enhanced liver lesions ( short white pointers ) proposing liver metastases. Dilated pancreatic canals are besides demonstrated ( white pointer ) every bit good as a ill defined mass in the pancreatic caput ( black pointer ) . The white pointer caput shows a bilious stent. ( Taken from: Miller et al, 2006 ) . Figure 3.0 Figure 3.1 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography scans ( MRCP ) can be performed as an option to Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) . MRCP scans examine the ductual constructions of the liver and the pancreas and are a critical procedure when looking at dilation of the canals in peculiar ( Jackson & A ; Thomas, 2005 ) . MRCP scanning is a utile tool when exposing the ‘double canal ‘ mark in patients with clogging icterus which can bespeak a mass in the caput of the pancreas, nevertheless MRCP provides no information in the theatrical production of a pancreatic carcinoma. Siegelman ( 2010 ) suggests that vascular engagement and liver metastases are better detected on non-MRCP pulse sequences. Roth and Seeram ( 2002 ) state how guidelines province that anyone being scanned should be carefully screened in order to guarantee their safety within the MRI scanner. This should affect questionnaires to find whether patients have any metallic implants or gait shapers that could be affected by the magnetic environment. FDA guidelines besides province that as the safety of MRI when imaging a fetus has non been identified, patients should be advise in order to do an informed determination about go oning with the scan ( Roth & A ; Seeram, 2002 ) . Prior to a MRI scan, patients will be changed into a infirmary gown and take lose jewelry. Roth and Seeram ( 2001 ) explain that patients will make full out questionnaires in order to declare themselves fit for the scan. Patients will be fitted with a working venflon in order to administrate contrast. The patient will be supine on the tabular array with the respiratory bellows underneath them and connected at the top. The cardiac spiral will be placed onto the patient at the degree of the liver. The patient will come in the scanner pess first and be centred at the xiphoid. A assortment of sequences are so carried out including: Axial and coronal T2 weighted scans Axial T1 gradient reverberation scan Axial and coronal unenhanced fat suppressed T1 weighted scan Axial and coronal fat suppressed Gd enhanced T1 weighted scans MRCP ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Semelka ( 2001 ) suggests that the hereafter will see the correlativity of CT and MRI images in the diagnosing of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease. Semelka ( 2001 ) further explains that by uniting CT and MRI images, a better and more comprehensive nature of look intoing the pancreas will be available. Lisle ( 2007 ) suggest that issues rise as patients are unable to be scanned if they are fitted with a cardiac gait shaper as the magnetic current can do it to halt. Patients that have metallic implants, such as joint replacings are besides unable to be scanned as the magnetic Fieldss are so strong. In add-on to this, claustrophobia proves to be a great patient issue as the scanner is narrow and scan times are long. Overall, Miller et Al ( 2006 ) suggest that even though CT is the constituted imagination techniques for the rating of pancreatic carcinomas, the superior contrast declaration of MRI may break detect lesions of the pancreas. They go on to propose that MRI is superior to CT as it can be used without the demand of iodized contrast. Besides, MRI is able to set up the nature of the mass unlike EUS and CT. CT nevertheless, is quicker and more tolerable than MRI scanning and uses the Hounsfield graduated table to supply accurate images of the pancreas and the environment vascular engagement. Due to the intimacy of the transducer to the internal variety meats, EUS provides elaborate images that can find whether a mass is present. However, it is invasive and uncomfortable for the patient and can non distinguish between a malignance and a fatty mass. Word count: 2,898 ( Not including images amounting to merely over half a page ) .

Using a Collocation Dictionary to Improve Your English

Using a Collocation Dictionary to Improve Your English One of the least appreciated tools for learning English is using a collocation dictionary. A collocation can be defined as words that go together. In other words, certain words tend to go with other words. If you think about how you use your own language for a moment, youll quickly recognize that you tend to speak in phrases or groups of words that go together in your mind. We speak in chunks of language. For example: Im tired of waiting for the bus this afternoon. An English speaker doesnt think of ten separate words, rather they think in the phrases Im tired of waiting for the bus and this afternoon. Thats why sometimes you may say something correctly in English, but it just doesnt sound right. For example: Im tired of standing for the bus this afternoon. To someone whos imaging the situation standing for the bus, makes sense, but standing goes together with in line. So, while the sentence makes sense, it isnt really correct. As students improve their English, they tend to learn more phrases and idiomatic language. Its also important to learn collocations. In fact, Id say its the single most under-used tool by most students. A thesaurus is very helpful to find synonyms and antonyms, but a collocations dictionary can help you learn the right phrases in context.   I recommend the Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English, but there are other collocation resources available such as concordance databases. Using a Collocation Dictionary Tips Try these exercises to help you use a collocations dictionary to improve your vocabulary. 1. Choose a Profession Choose a profession you are interested in. Go to the Occupational Outlook site and read the specifics of the profession. Take note of common terms that are used. Next, look up those terms in a collocations dictionary to extend your vocabulary by learning appropriate collocations. Example Aircraft and Avionics Key words from Occupational Outlook: equipment, maintenance, etc. From the collocations dictionary: Equipment Adjectives: the latest, modern, state-of-the-art, high-tech, etc.Types of Equipment: medical equipment, radar equipment, telecom equipment, etc.Verb Equipment: provide equipment, supply equipment, install equipment, etc.  Phrases: the proper equipment, the right equipment From the collocations dictionary: Maintenance Adjectives: annual, daily, regular, long-term, preventive, etc.Types of Maintenance: building maintenance, software maintenance, health maintenance, etc.Verb Maintenance: carry out maintenance, perform maintenance, etc.Maintenance Noun: maintenance personnel, maintenance costs, maintenance schedule, etc.   2. Choose an Important Term Choose an important term that you might use on a daily basis at work, school, or home. Look the word up in the collocations dictionary. Next, imagine a related situation and write a paragraph or more using important collocations to describe it. The paragraph will repeat the keyword too often, but this is an exercise. By repeatedly using your key term, youll create a link in your mind to a wide variety of collocations with your target word.   Example Key Term: Business Situation: Negotiating a contract Example Paragraph Were working on a business deal with an investment company who carries on business with profitable businesses throughout the world. We set up the business two years ago, but weve been very successful due to our business strategy. The CEOs business acumen is outstanding, so were looking forward to conducting business with them. The companys business headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas. Theyve been in business for more than fifty years, so we expect their business experience to be the best in the world. 3. Use the Collocations You Learn Make a list of important collocations. Commit to using at least three of the collocations each day in your conversations. Try it, its more difficult than you might think, but it really helps with memorizing new words.

Free Essays on Target Stores

Target was introduced to America in 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a child of the department store Dayton. The idea for Target was born when American’s started demanding that stores sell goods in a more efficient manner. Their claim to fame is that they were the â€Å"first retail store to offer well-known national brands at discounted prices.† By the 1970’s Target was adding electronic cash registers to track sales and stock and to assist in customer service. Each year annual shopping events were held to benefit people with disabilities and senior citizens. The 80’s proved to be a decade where Target continuously expanded and added services such as electronic scanning throughout the nation which helped pave their way into the 90’s. In the 90’s Target launched its own, personal credit card, Target Greenland Store, guest registry, national bridal registry and introduced it’s first SuperTarget store; a Target store that combined the finer points of the Greenland Store with a grocery store and other special service, it also has it’s own on-line store, Target.com, which enables it to meet the needs and demands of a vaster market. Target is competing with the likes of JC Penny’s, Wal-mart, Kohl’s, Kauffman’s and K-Mart. Now here we are in the 2002 with Target operating over 1,107 stores in 47 states and employing approximately 192,000 people. How’s that for growth? II. Environmental Analysis Our local Target store has three major competitors, with each competitor being on a different level economically than Target, but yet catering to the same class of people. These three major competitors would be K-mart, at a lower level, Wal-mart at a slightly lower level the Target and then JC Penny’s at a higher level and the Kauffman’s at a higher level. Target falls right in between Wal-mart and JC Penny’s in their quality and cost. Each department store carries similar items such as clothing... Free Essays on Target Stores Free Essays on Target Stores Target was introduced to America in 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a child of the department store Dayton. The idea for Target was born when American’s started demanding that stores sell goods in a more efficient manner. Their claim to fame is that they were the â€Å"first retail store to offer well-known national brands at discounted prices.† By the 1970’s Target was adding electronic cash registers to track sales and stock and to assist in customer service. Each year annual shopping events were held to benefit people with disabilities and senior citizens. The 80’s proved to be a decade where Target continuously expanded and added services such as electronic scanning throughout the nation which helped pave their way into the 90’s. In the 90’s Target launched its own, personal credit card, Target Greenland Store, guest registry, national bridal registry and introduced it’s first SuperTarget store; a Target store that combined the finer points of the Greenland Store with a grocery store and other special service, it also has it’s own on-line store, Target.com, which enables it to meet the needs and demands of a vaster market. Target is competing with the likes of JC Penny’s, Wal-mart, Kohl’s, Kauffman’s and K-Mart. Now here we are in the 2002 with Target operating over 1,107 stores in 47 states and employing approximately 192,000 people. How’s that for growth? II. Environmental Analysis Our local Target store has three major competitors, with each competitor being on a different level economically than Target, but yet catering to the same class of people. These three major competitors would be K-mart, at a lower level, Wal-mart at a slightly lower level the Target and then JC Penny’s at a higher level and the Kauffman’s at a higher level. Target falls right in between Wal-mart and JC Penny’s in their quality and cost. Each department store carries similar items such as clothing...